In this section we learn about linux file-system , basics commands , services and some tools
Linux Filesystem
In kali linux there are different files in " / " root directory each of them contains different types of files..
• /bin # basic programs (ls, cd, cat, etc.)
• /sbin # system programs (fdisk, mkfs, sysctl, etc)
• /etc # configuration files like "paswd, shadow , hosts, crontab"
• /tmp # temporary files (typically deleted on boot)
• /usr/bin # applications (apt, ncat, nmap, etc.)
• /usr/share # application support and data files
There are many other directory present as well , but these are some of basics and important directory that we should look before move in.
Basic Linux Commands
Its important that we know basics commands of linux because 95% of the time we spend in terminal or shell .
i am running as root, so i didn't use sudo before any command. if you are using low priv account make sure to use sudo.
Man page
man page is a manual for any command we used, we can read about their switches and descriptions about that commands eg. ( man ls )
man passwd # show the uses of password command
man -k passwd # -k search for keyword (like apropos) , show possible command related with passwd
apropos passwd # apropos will search possible list of man page for a possible match based on keyword.
Listing Files
ls
ls /usr/share/wordlists/* # display all items in wordlists dir , we use * wildcard.
ls -la # -l for listing format and -a for hidden
ls -R # recursive search
Moving Around
pwd # print the current working directory.
cd / # go to root directory where all files start.
cd ~ # go to users home directory.
cd /usr/share/wordlist # we change the directory to wordlist .
cd .. # go one directory back and now we are at "share".
cd - # same use go back one directory.
Creating Directory
while making directory remember linux is case sensitive.
mkdir notes # it will create a directory named as "notes"
mkdir new notes # it will create two new directory new and notes
mkdir "new notes" # it will create one new dir "new notes"
rmdir notes # it will remove notes dir
rm -rf notes # it will remove notes forcefully
mkdir "new dir" # it will create new dir named as "new dir"
cd new\ dir/ # now we are in "new dir" dir, here \ backslash is used for ignoring the empity space b/q new and dir .
mkdir -p notes{maths,phy,chem} # here it create dir notes and inside it create 3 new dir named as maths , phy ,chem .
Finding Files in kali system
which
which $PATH # it will show the path environment for given name
which python # show the dir where python is present
locate
sudo updatedb # update the databse before running the commands.
locate *.nse # find all files with .nse extension
locate sbd.exe # find file sbd.exe
find
Find is very use-full command when it comes to finding file with different parameters, read man page for find command.
find / -name *.sbd # it will find the file form / dir with name *.sbd .
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # find file form / dir with -perm permisson , -u=s denotes look for files that are owned by the root user -type is type f denote looking for regular files , 2 denotes stander error redirected to /dev/null
Managing kali Services
kali comes with default Pre-installed services such as ssh , http, mysql etc.
we can use this services according with our's need.
SSH Service
we can use systemctl or service command for running and stopping the services.
systemctl start ssh # running the ssh
systemctl status ssh # status of ssh
systemctl stop ssh # stoping
service ssh start # same as previous
systemctl enable ssh # if we want that ssh automatic start with boot then we enable the service with enable switch , same as disable
example
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# service ssh start
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# service ssh status
● ssh.service - OpenBSD Secure Shell server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/ssh.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2022-08-09 06:18:32 IST; 4s ago
Docs: man:sshd(8)
man:sshd_config(5)
Process: 98046 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 98047 (sshd)
Tasks: 1 (limit: 14118)
Memory: 1.5M
CPU: 23ms
CGroup: /system.slice/ssh.service
└─98047 "sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -D [listener] 0 of 10-100 startups"
Aug 09 06:18:32 rio systemd[1]: Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server...
Aug 09 06:18:32 rio sshd[98047]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Aug 09 06:18:32 rio sshd[98047]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Aug 09 06:18:32 rio systemd[1]: Started OpenBSD Secure Shell server.
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# ss -antlp | grep sshd
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* users:(("sshd",pid=98047,fd=3))
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* users:(("sshd",pid=98047,fd=4))
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# service ssh stop
HTTP Service
it can be run as systemctl or service command.
same goes to enable and disable.
HTTP Service is a web server that loads at port 80 on our local-host IP its dir is /var/www/html where it host.
apache is a webserver that comes pre-installed in kali so we are using apache , we can user nginx or python as well.
we can use it as a web-server for downloading files at Victum Machine.
# for apache
service apache2 start
service apache2 status
service apache2 stop
systemctl start apache2 # for start
systemctl enable apache2 # for enable, it will automatic start afte every reboot
systemctl stop apache2 # for stop
systemctl disable apache2 # for changing conf. of apache
systemctl list-unit-files # for checking the list of enable & diable services..
# for nginx
service nginx start
service nginx stop
example
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# service apache2 start
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# service apache2 status
● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2022-08-09 06:37:07 IST; 5s ago
Docs: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/
Process: 98385 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/apachectl start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 98402 (apache2)
Tasks: 6 (limit: 14118)
Memory: 18.5M
CPU: 95ms
CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
├─98402 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─98404 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─98405 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─98406 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
├─98407 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
└─98408 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
Aug 09 06:37:07 rio systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 09 06:37:07 rio apachectl[98401]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using >
Aug 09 06:37:07 rio systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# service apache2 stop
Searching, Installing, and removing Tools
apt update
apt update command will update the list of available packages, including information related to their versions, descriptions, etc so that we can upgrade the system.
apt update
apt upgrade
After the APT database has been updated, we can upgrade the installed packages and core system to the latest versions using the apt upgrade command.
apt upgrade -y # upgrade the full package
apt upgrade metsaploit-framework # upgrade single package
apt-cache and apt show
The apt-cache search command displays much of the information stored in the internal cached package database.
apt show display the information of the package
apt-cache search pure-ftpd
apt show pure-ftpd
example
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# apt-cache search pure-ftpd
ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server
mysqmail-pure-ftpd-logger - real-time logging system in MySQL - Pure-FTPd traffic-logger
pure-ftpd - Secure and efficient FTP server
pure-ftpd-common - Pure-FTPd FTP server (Common Files)
pure-ftpd-ldap - Secure and efficient FTP server with LDAP user authentication
pure-ftpd-mysql - Secure and efficient FTP server with MySQL user authentication
pure-ftpd-postgresql - Secure and efficient FTP server with PostgreSQL user authentication
resource-agents - Cluster Resource Agents
┌──(root💀rio)-[~]
└─# apt show pure-ftpd
Package: pure-ftpd
Version: 1.0.50-2.1+b2
Priority: optional
Section: net
Source: pure-ftpd (1.0.50-2.1)
Maintainer: Stefan Hornburg (Racke) <racke@linuxia.de>
Installed-Size: 670 kB
Provides: ftp-server
Depends: lsb-base (>= 3.2-14), openbsd-inetd | inet-superserver, pure-ftpd-common (= 1.0.50-2.1), libc6 (>= 2.33), libcap2 (>= 1:2.10), libcrypt1 (>= 1:4.1.0), libpam0g (>= 0.99.7.1), libsodium23 (>= 1.0.10), libssl3 (>= 3.0.0)
Conflicts: ftp-server
Replaces: ftp-server
Homepage: https://www.pureftpd.org/project/pure-ftpd/
Tag: interface::daemon, network::server, protocol::ftp, protocol::ssl,
role::program, works-with::file
Download-Size: 173 kB
APT-Sources: https://mirror.anigil.com/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 Packages
Description: Secure and efficient FTP server
Free, secure, production-quality and standard-conformant FTP server.
Features include chrooted home directories,
virtual domains, built-in 'ls', anti-warez system, configurable ports for
passive downloads, FXP protocol, bandwidth throttling, ratios,
fortune files, Apache-like log files, fast standalone mode, atomic uploads,
text / HTML / XML real-time status report, virtual users, virtual quotas,
privilege separation, SSL/TLS and more.
apt install
apt install will install the package
apt install pure-ftpd # install package pure-ftpd
apt-remove --purge
apt remove pure-ftpd # remove this package
apt purge --purge pure-ftpd # this option remove the package with no leftover.
dpkg
dpkg used to install offline package
dpkg -i man-db_2.7.0.2-5_amd64.deb # -i install this package
dpkg -r man-db_2.7.0.2-5_amd64.deb # -r remove the package
misc commands
who # show users info in details
whoami # show your current user
uname -a # display kernal information
su kali # for swithching to kali user
su root # for switching root user
adduser jhon # it wiil add user like jhon
su jhon # for switching to jhon user
deluser jhon # it will del user jhon
sudo shutdown now -r # for restsrt
sudo shutdown now -c # cancel the previous shoutdown
sudo shutdown now # system shutdown
poweroff # power off system
poweroff -f # forcefully
reboot # reboot system
reboot -f # forcefully
date # display date
date --set ='10 Feb 2017 11:13' # for change date
cal # for calander
yes # it will loop
yes sahil # loop sahil , [ctrl] + c to terminate
factor 1024 # helps to do maths factor
